Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells separate from the organism. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. The term "tissue culture" was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows, M.D.
Tissue culture generally refers to the growth of cells from a tissue from a multicellular organism in vitro. These cells may be cells isolated from a donor organism, primary cells, or an immortalised cell line. The cells are bathed in a culture medium, which contains essential
nutrients and energy sources necessary for the cells' survival. The term tissue culture is often used interchangeably with cell culture
The literal meaning of tissue culture refers to the culturing of tissue pieces, i.e. explant culture.
Tissue culture is an important tool for the study of the biology of cells from multicellular organisms. It provides an in vitro model of the tissue in a well defined environment which can be easily manipulated and analysed.
Plant tissue culture in particular is concerned with the growing of entire plants from small pieces of plant tissue, cultured in medium. It is a process that involves exposing plant tissue to a
specific regimen of nutrients, hormones, and light under sterile, in
vitro conditions to produce many new plants, each a clone of the
original mother plant, over a very short period of time. Tissue culture plants are characterised by disease free growth, a more
fibrous, healthier root system, a bushier branching habit, and a higher
survival rate.
There are three main steps to the tissue culture process:
STAGE I is the initiation phase. It concerns the
establishment of plant tissue in vitro by sterilising the material and
initiating it into culture.
STAGE II is the multiplication phase. At this stage,
the in vitro plant material is re-divided and placed in a medium with
plant growth regulators that induce the proliferation of multiple
shoots. This process is repeated many times until the number of plants
desired is reached.
STAGE III is the root formation phase. It involves
the introduction of hormones to induce rooting and the formation of
complete plantlets.
Following these three stages, the plants are then moved from the
laboratory to the greenhouses for acclimatisation and further
development.
By
Vinesh S
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